Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients requiring intraoperative mechanical ventilation via endotracheal intubation * Written informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians. For children capable of understanding, assent will also be obtained based on age and cognitive ability. * ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status I-II Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with significant pre-existing lung disease (e.g., cystic fibrosis, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe uncontrolled asthma, neuromuscular disease with respiratory compromise). * Patients with complex congenital heart disease or significant hemodynamic instability. * Patients undergoing thoracic surgery or procedures that could significantly alter lung mechanics (e.g., pre-existing pneumothorax). * Refusal of parents/guardians or patient to participate in the study. * History of previous intrathoracic procedure.