Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: \- The study will include neonates who meet all of the following criteria: 1. Preterms born at a gestational age of less than 32 weeks. 2. Birth weight less than 1,500 grams (very low birth weight). 3. Received initial non-invasive ventilation (e.g., CPAP or HFNC) within the first hours of life. 4. Admitted to participating NICUs during the study period. 5. Complete medical records available for review and analysis. Exclusion Criteria: \- Preterms will be excluded from the study if they meet any of the following conditions: 1. Received immediate invasive mechanical ventilation at birth without a trial of non-invasive ventilation. 2. Presence of major congenital anomalies (e.g., congenital diaphragmatic hernia, significant cardiac malformations). 3. Diagnosed with chromosomal abnormalities or genetic syndromes. 4. Incomplete or missing medical records that prevent accurate data extraction. 5. Preterms transferred from another hospital after initiation of respiratory support.