Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. planned wedge resection, segmentectomy or lobectomy; 2. more than 18 years old; 3. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade ≤Ⅲ; 4. body mass index (BMI) ≤24 kg/m2; 5. Normal pulmonary function, predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) \>50%, resting blood gas analysis showed arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) ≥75 mmHg and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) \<45 MMHG; 6. Normal cardiac function with ejection fraction (EF) \> 50% of predicted value; 7. Informed consent and signed informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * (1) patients who refuse surgery and/or anesthesia; (2) preoperative pulmonary infection; (3) previous history of ipsilateral surgery or other medical history that may cause extensive pleural adhesions; (4) phrenic nerve palsy on the non-operative side; (5) patients with high risk of preoperative reflux (fasting \<6 hours) or gastroesophageal reflux disease; (6) patients with heart, kidney, liver and other organ dysfunction and surgical contraindications; (7) with severe cognitive, psychological and communication disorders.