Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age: 3-6 years old; 2. Planned to undergo elective non-neurological, non-cardiac, and non-liver surgery under general anesthesia (abdominal surgery, orthopedic surgery, urological surgery, otolaryngological surgery, etc.); 3. Expected anesthesia duration to be more than 30 minutes; 4. ASA classification I-II; 5. BMI 14-25 kg/m2; 6. Postoperative plan not to be admitted to ICU; 7. Parents or legal guardians of the child have given informed consent; 8. Capable of communicating in Chinese. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Those who were exposed to general anesthetic drugs during infancy or in the late pregnancy of the mother; 2. Known chromosomal abnormalities or other known acquired or congenital diseases that may affect neural development, such as cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), etc.; 3. Patients with severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh C grade); 4. Patients with severe kidney dysfunction (requiring dialysis before surgery); 5. Patients with a history of congenital heart disease requiring surgery or drug treatment; 6. Those allergic to the study drugs remimazolam or propofol; 7. Any known neural damage, such as cystic periventricular leukomalacia or grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage; 8. Social or geographical factors that may lead to postoperative loss of follow-up; 9. Planned to undergo two surgeries within 7 days after the surgery; 10. Those currently participating in other clinical trials; 11. Those receiving special care or living in social welfare institutions or any other factors that may affect their ability to participate in the study.