Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) requiring central venous access. * Infants in whom either an umbilical venous catheter (UVC) or a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) was inserted for clinical indications (Parenteral nutrition, administration of intravenous medications (e.g., antibiotics, inotropes, anticonvulsants, fluids) and blood sampling for frequent labs, especially in critically ill neonates). * Catheter insertion performed within the first 28 days of life. Exclusion Criteria: * Neonates with major congenital anomalies (e.g.abdominal wall defects) that may interfere with catheter placement or outcomes. * Insertion site infection * Infants with severe coagulopathy or bleeding disorders contraindicating central catheter insertion. * Neonates who received both UVC and PICC simultaneously during the same admission. * Cases with incomplete clinical records or missing follow-up data.