Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Adolescents aged 11-18 years old meeting the following inclusion criteria were invited to take part in the present study: 1. Having a clinical diagnosis of ADHD made by health care professionals (psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or educational psychologist) based on self-report; 2. a DSM-5 diagnosis of insomnia disorder, and a score on ISI ≥ 9 (suggested cut-off for adolescents) (Chung et al., 2011); 3. Those who agreed to keep the same dosage of medication throughout the study up till completion of follow up assessments. Exclusion Criteria: Adolescents were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: 1. A current diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence; a current or past history of manic or hypomanic episode, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, autism spectrum disorders, organic mental disorders, or intellectual disabilities; 2. Having a prominent medical condition known to interfere with sleep continuity and quality (e.g. severe eczema, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease); 3. Having a clinically diagnosed sleep disorder that may potentially contribute to a disruption in sleep continuity and quality, such as narcolepsy, sleep-disordered breathing, and restless leg syndrome, based on self-reported medical history; 4. On an optimal dosage of psychostimulant or nonstimulant ADHD medications for less than a month; 5. Concurrent, regular use of psychotropic medications(s) known to affect sleep continuity and quality (e.g. hypnotics, steroids), except for the use of psychostimulant medication for ADHD; 6. Receiving ongoing pharmacological and psychological treatment for insomnia; 7. With hearing or speech deficit.