Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Male or female \> 19 years of age. 2. Underwent non-emergent cardiac surgery (isolated coronary artery by-pass grafting and/or isolated valve surgery). 3. Full median sternotomy approach - with/without cardiopulmonary bypass. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Recent CPR. 2. Previous cardiac surgery (redo sternotomy). 3. Emergency surgery (operative intervention within 24 hrs of assessment). 4. Chronic lung disease. 5. BMI \> 40. 6. Use of sternal plate systems for closure. 7. Recent antiplatelet therapy. 8. Previous radiotherapy to the chest; receiving immunosuppressive therapy or have a current immunosuppressive condition. 9. Active systemic infection (.i.e: endocarditis). 10. Cognitive impairment (confusion, dementia, Alzheimers, current substance abuse). 11. History of malignancies within past year (except squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin that has been treated; no recurrence) 12. Recent history of drug or alcohol abuse. 13. Females who are pregnant, nursing or of childbearing potential who are not practicing a birth control method with high reliability. 14. Postsurgical life expectancy \< 90 days in the opinion of the investigator. 14\. Moderate or severe pectus deformity. 16. Participation in another clinical trial. 17. Patients who had Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) devices after surgery. 18. Patients who received a local anesthetic treatment and/or device on the sternum intraoperatively during surgery (e.g. On-Q Pain Relief System, Exparel etc)