Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Agreement to sign the informed consent; * Non-smoking mothers and no exposure to environmental (second-hand) smoke (smoking influences UFP measurements); * ≥18 years old (mothers have to place sensors, mothers with childhood pregnancies may live at their parental home); * Not expecting to terminate the pregnancy (no measurements of the child); * Having resided in the geographical area of research for a minimum period of 1 year (to be eligible for modeling exposures). Exclusion Criteria: * First visit after 11 weeks of gestation (to ensure 2-week monitoring in the first trimester); * Pregnancy complications that limit exposure measurements in urine (because it may cause polyuria, for example, gestational diabetes); * Known kidney disease (might influence exposure measurements in urine); * Multiple pregnancy (twin or more pregnancies may have a higher risk for complications or preterm birth, no measurements in the last trimester).