Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults receiving care at the university-affiliated dental clinic, legally able to consent and willing to participate voluntarily. * Ability to read and independently complete brief self-report questionnaires before and after the visit. Exclusion Criteria: * Self-reported hearing impairment, current use of hearing aids, or other auditory conditions that interfere with safe headphone use or outcome validity. * Use of sedative medication prior to the visit for the current appointment, or acute intoxication that may alter anxiety ratings. * Cognitive impairment or other condition that limits capacity to provide informed consent or to complete study questionnaires reliably. * Unwillingness to wear headphones during the procedure if randomized to a headphone arm, or refusal to participate/withdrawal of consent at any time. * Any urgent clinical indication that, in the clinician's judgment, precludes headphone use (for example, need for uninterrupted verbal interaction or imaging incompatible with wearing the device). * Reported history of severe adverse reactions to headphone use (for example, marked discomfort, vertigo) or skin sensitivity incompatible with device contact points. * Inability to protect privacy or comply with basic study procedures (for example, cannot complete pre- and post-visit questionnaires within the clinic workflow)