Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 18 years or older, male or female. * Overweight or obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 24.0-45.0 kg/m². * Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Active pulmonary tuberculosis, malignant tumors, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or other severe infectious or immunocompromising conditions. * Severe liver injury (AST or ALT \> 3 times the upper limit of normal) or severe renal dysfunction/end-stage renal disease (eGFR \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m²). * Severe cardiovascular diseases, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or stroke within the past 6 months. * Severe gastrointestinal disorders, or a history of gastrointestinal surgery within the past year. * Secondary causes of obesity, including Cushing's syndrome, primary hypothyroidism, hypothalamic obesity, acromegaly; or drug-induced obesity (e.g., antipsychotics, glucocorticoids). * Currently receiving other anti-obesity treatments, a previous history of bariatric surgery, or a \>5% reduction in body weight within the past 3 months. * Current smoker or habitual smoker within the past 3 months. * type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus or currently taking hypoglycemic medications. * Pregnancy or planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding. * Unable to complete a 3-month follow-up due to health conditions or relocation. * Participation in any clinical study within the past 4 weeks. * Other conditions considered by investigators as unsuitable for participation.