Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Recipients aged ≥18 years undergoing single or double lung transplantation; 2. Postoperative recipients capable of understanding and providing written informed consent, and willing to comply with scheduled follow-ups and sample collections as required by the study; 3. Postoperative recipients clinically assessed as stable and eligible for routine follow-up and hematological examinations; 4. Recipients able to undergo dynamic pulmonary function monitoring during follow-up; 5. No planned participation in other interventional trials during the study period that may impact immune function or pulmonary function; 6. Retransplant patients will be considered as a new transplant event and may be included in the analysis. Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of active malignancy or presence of untreated malignancy within 5 years prior to transplantation; 2. Presence of active systemic infection or significant immune rejection; 3. Female patients who are pregnant or lactating; 4. Any other condition deemed by the investigator to be inappropriate for inclusion .