Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-5. 2. Aged 18 to 90 years, no restriction on gender. 3. Sufficient health literacy or a family member with adequate literacy to comply with dietary diary recording and other study procedures. 4. Stable primary disease of CKD at the time of enrollment. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with malignancies, severe cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or severe hematological disorders. 2. Active infections (CRP \>10 mg/L) or current use of nephrotoxic drugs. 3. Limb paralysis or amputation. 4. Use of immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) within the past 3 months or steroid therapy equivalent to prednisone \>10 mg/day. 5. Severe gastrointestinal diseases affecting nutrient absorption. 6. Participation in other diet- or drug-related clinical studies within the past month or ongoing. 7. Any other condition deemed inappropriate for participation by the investigators.