Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Volunteers over 50 years of age who are able to fully comply with the study procedures. Subjects diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis by a physician based on X-ray findings and clinical symptoms. Radiographic diagnosis is evaluated using the Kellgren and Lawrence Scale (K/L grade) as the radiographic assessment tool. Clinical diagnosis follows the American College of Rheumatology (ACR, 1991) criteria, which include clinical symptoms in combination with radiographic or laboratory findings. The diagnostic criteria are: 1. Knee pain on most days of the past month. 2. Presence of osteophytes on X-ray. 3. Synovial fluid that is clear, viscous, and contains fewer than 2,000 white blood cells/mL. 4. Age over 50 years. 5. Morning stiffness of the knee lasting less than 30 minutes. 6. Crepitus on knee motion. Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis is confirmed when any of the following combinations are present: Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals with general contraindications to treatment, such as severe medical conditions, recent major trauma, or pregnancy. Individuals with a history of substance abuse (including excessive alcohol consumption) that could affect pain perception. Individuals with local skin infections, ulcers, or lesions in the treatment area. Individuals who have undergone previous knee surgery or total knee arthroplasty. Individuals with central or peripheral nervous system disorders. Individuals with cognitive impairment who are unable to comply with the study procedures. Individuals currently receiving other treatments for knee osteoarthritis.