Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Clinical criteria: thyroid enlargement, mostly painless, with compressive symptoms (such as dysphagia, dyspnea) being less common; thyroid function is mostly normal, and a small number may be accompanied by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. * Imaging examinations: ultrasound shows multiple solid or cystic-solid nodules with clear boundaries and no malignant signs such as microcalcification and a vertical-to-horizontal diameter ratio \>1. * Pathological criteria: follicular epithelial cell hyperplasia, no nuclear atypia, and no malignant cellular characteristics (such as mitotic figures, infiltrative growth, etc.). In this study, a thyroid goiter with at least one diameter exceeding 4 cm was considered a giant goiter Exclusion Criteria: * abnormal coagulation profiles; * hepatic or renal impairment; * allergy to contrast media; * refusal of interventional therapy and requirement for surgical treatment or other therapies