Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: patients who met any of the following criteria 1. LAE: defined as LAD ≥ 45 mm or LAVI \> 34 ml/m2; 2. LVH: defined as LV septal or posterior wall thickness ≥ 15 mm; 3. E/e' \> 14; 4. grade II or III diastolic dysfunction; 5. VHD; 6. HF: defined as LVEF \< 40% or LVEF ≥40% with clinical presentation compatible with Framingham criteria, New York Heart Association functional classification II-IV, and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) \> 125 pg/ml. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with a history of AF or atrial flutter, congenital heart disease, acute coronary syndrome undergoing urgent percutaneous coronary intervention within 3 months, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, end-stage renal disease, unstable hemodynamic status or any known major comorbidities or medical conditions with expected life expectancy less than 1 year are excluded.