Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age 40-80 years at enrollment (Kwakkel et al., 1996; Coupar et al., 2012). 2. Stroke diagnosed by a neurologist between 1 week and 6 months before enrollment (Langhorne et al., 2020; Bernhardt et al., 2017). 3. Medically stable, as confirmed by a neurologist, with controlled and non-fluctuating vital signs (Stinear et al., 2020; Powers et al., 2019; Winstein et al., 2016). 4. Sufficient cognitive function to follow instructions, sustain attention, and actively participate in rehabilitation, as judged by the treating therapist (Stinear et al., 2020; Boyd et al., 2018). 5. Brunnstrom stage 2-5 in the affected upper limb (Brunnstrom, 1970; Langhorne et al., 2020). 6. Individuals with a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score \<3: Participants were required to have a MAS score of less than 3 in both the upper and lower extremities to ensure that spasticity remained at a manageable level and to allow safe participation in upper-limb motor rehabilitation (Pandyan et al., 2005; Li \& Francisco, 2015; Ada et al., 2020). 7. Preserved corticospinal tract integrity, confirmed by a positive Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) response (Stinear et al., 2017; Byblow et al., 2015; Stinear et al., 2020). 8. Moderate to severe upper-extremity motor impairment, determined by Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scores of 0-47 (0-19 severe, 20-47 moderate) (Fugl-Meyer et al., 1975). Exclusion Criteria: * Spasticity level: Individuals with a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score ≥3 in either the upper or lower extremities were excluded, as marked hypertonicity and severe spastic contractions could negatively affect proximal stabilization and movement strategies, thereby interfering with upper-limb task performance (Pandyan et al., 2005). * Fractures: Participants with a current or recent fracture on the affected side of the body were excluded from the study. * Botulinum toxin injections: Individuals who had received Botulinum Toxin (Botox) injections within the previous three months were excluded due to the potential effects of the intervention on muscle tone and motor performance. * Communication disorders: Participants with motor or global aphasia, or other communication impairments that could interfere with understanding instructions or performing the required tasks, were excluded. * Concurrent rehabilitation: Individuals who were concurrently receiving rehabilitation treatment at another facility were excluded to prevent potential confounding effects from parallel interventions (Winstein et al., 2016). * Non-adherence to treatment sessions: Participants who failed to attend all required treatment sessions were excluded to ensure consistency and fidelity of the intervention protocol (Winstein et al., 2016).