Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age 18-75 years. 2. First diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) (non-recurrent). 3. Single tumor with diameter ≤ 5 cm. 4. Assessed as resectable by more than 2 senior liver surgeons (experience \>10 years, \>500 hepatectomies). 5. No distant metastasis on preoperative chest CT and abdominal contrast-enhanced CT. 6. Child-Pugh Class A liver function. 7. Patient or legal guardian able to understand the study and sign informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Postoperative pathology confirms cholangiocarcinoma, sarcomatoid HCC, combined HCC-ICC, or fibrolamellar carcinoma. 2. Presence of portal vein, hepatic vein, or bile duct tumor thrombus. 3. History of other malignancies (except cured carcinoma in situ of cervix, basal cell carcinoma, or squamous cell skin carcinoma). 4. Evidence of residual lesion, recurrence, or metastasis during preoperative assessment; or postoperative pathology confirming lymph node metastasis or positive margins. 5. Moderate to severe ascites requiring therapeutic paracentesis/drainage, or Child-Pugh score \> 7 (except for small amount of ascites on imaging without clinical symptoms). 6. Uncontrolled or moderate/large amount of pleural effusion or pericardial effusion. 7. Severe cardiac, pulmonary, or renal dysfunction. 8. Ruptured HCC requiring emergency surgery. 9. Patient or family unable to understand the study conditions and objectives.