Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria are as follows: * Eligible participants were defined according to the National Institute of Health Task Force for Research Standards for Chronic Pain (RTF). The RTF defines chronic pain as a pain problem that has persisted for at least 3 months and has been present on at least half of the days in the past 6 months. Following these guidelines, two questions will be used to determine chronicity: 1. "How long has the pain been an ongoing problem for you?" 2. "How often has pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past 6 months?" A response of "greater than 3 months" to question 1 and "at least half the days in the past 6 months" to question 2 indicated chronic pain. * Being 25 and 65 years of age and having no spinal fractures or acute disc herniation; * Non-specific chronic low back group for pain a current VAS pain rating ≥4/10; and scoring at least 4 points on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), * Having pain that does not correspond to specific anatomical structures and is widespread; * Having no current psychiatric disorders or cognitive impairments and cognitive level sufficient to complete the interview and questionnaires; * For the healthy group; Absence of low back pain during the past six months, no history of chronic pain lasting ≥3 months in any body region, having a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of VAS ≤1, which having a Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score of RMDQ ≤4; * Having no history of spinal surgery. Exclusion criteria are as follows: * The current use of tranquilizers or opioids, any visual or motor impairments (including dyslexia) or presentation with any neurological disease or significant mental illness; * Potential subjects if they have nerve symptoms below the knee; * Diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, or other chronic widespread pain syndromes. * Severe comorbidities such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, or rheumatologic conditions. * Patients who had undergone spinal surgery, had any illness, or received any treatment that could cause harm were excluded; * Having a diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy; * Tumors or infections; * Pain arising from metastasis, osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritis, or fractures; * Specific medical conditions (such as neck or back surgery within the last 3 years, osteoporotic vertebral fractures); * Receiving any other treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain during the study period.