Inclusion Criteria:
1. Age ≥ 18 years, male or female.
2. Histologically or pathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.
3. Disease progression on or intolerance to a prior treatment regimen that contained an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI).
4. HER2-negative expression.
5. Willingness to provide tumor tissue samples from prior to the first systemic therapy for biomarker analysis (e.g., PD-L1). Freshly obtained biopsies are preferred; if unavailable, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks or 5-8 slides of 3-5μm thickness are acceptable.
6. At least one measurable lesion as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1.
7. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1.
8. Life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks.
9. Adequate organ and bone marrow function, defined as:
1. Hemoglobin ≥ 90 g/L (no blood transfusion within 14 days);
2. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 10\^9/L;
3. Platelet count ≥ 90 × 10\^9/L;
4. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN);
5. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2.5 × ULN; for patients with liver metastases, ALT and AST ≤ 5 × ULN;
6. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 × ULN;
7. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%; QTc interval \< 450 ms for males and \< 470 ms for females.
10. For patients not on therapeutic anticoagulation: International Normalized Ratio (INR) ≤ 1.5 and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) ≤ 1.5 × ULN. Patients receiving full-dose or parenteral anticoagulants are eligible provided the dose has been stable for at least 2 weeks prior to study entry and relevant coagulation parameters are within the therapeutic range.
11. For women of childbearing potential: a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 14 days prior to enrollment, and agreement to use highly effective contraception during the study and for 3 months after the last dose of the study drug. For male patients: surgical sterilization or agreement to use highly effective contraception during the study and for 3 months after the last dose.
12. Recovery from toxicities of prior therapies to ≤ Grade 1 (per NCI CTCAE). For prior surgeries, the wound must have healed completely.
13. Voluntary participation, provision of signed informed consent, expected good compliance, and ability to comply with the study protocol requirements.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Gastrointestinal perforation and/or fistula within 6 months prior to treatment, or active gastrointestinal bleeding within 3 months.
2. Uncontrolled pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or ascites requiring repeated drainage.
3. Known history of allergy to any component of the investigational drugs or their excipients.
4. Prior treatments as follows:
1. Treatment with any other investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of the study drug, or within 5 half-lives of the previous investigational agent (whichever is longer).
2. Concurrent enrollment in another interventional clinical study. (Observation studies or follow-up phases of interventional studies are permitted).
3. Any antitumor therapy (including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, biotherapy, or tumor embolization) within 2 weeks prior to the first dose of the study drug.
4. Requirement for systemic corticosteroids (\>10 mg prednisone equivalent daily) within 2 weeks prior to the first dose. The use of corticosteroids for premedication with certain chemotherapy regimens, inhaled or topical steroids, and adrenal replacement therapy at doses ≤10 mg/day prednisone equivalent is permitted. Other cases require discussion with the Investigator.
5. Prior administration of an anti-tumor vaccine or live vaccine within 4 weeks prior to the first dose.
6. Major surgery or significant trauma within 4 weeks prior to the first dose.
5. History of leptomeningeal metastasis, or current evidence of leptomeningeal metastasis or active brain metastases. (Patients with stable, treated brain metastases may be discussed for eligibility).
6. Active autoimmune disease or history of autoimmune disease requiring systemic treatment in the past 2 years. Exceptions include vitiligo, resolved childhood asthma/atopy, hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement, or Type I diabetes stable on insulin regimen.
7. Immunodeficiency history, including positive HIV test, other acquired/congenital immunodeficiency disorders, history of organ transplant or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, or active hepatitis.
8. Poorly controlled cardiovascular diseases, including but not limited to: (1) Heart failure of NYHA Class II or higher; (2) Unstable angina; (3) Myocardial infarction within the past year; (4) Clinically significant supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmia without effective medical control.
9. Severe infection within 4 weeks prior to the first dose. Active pulmonary inflammation on baseline imaging, or signs/symptoms of active infection within 2 weeks prior to the first dose.
10. History of interstitial lung disease.
11. Active tuberculosis infection based on history/CT findings, or history of active TB within one year prior to enrollment, or prior active TB over one year ago without appropriate treatment.
12. Diagnosis of another malignancy within 5 years prior to the first dose. Exceptions include malignancies with low risk of metastasis/death.
13. Pregnancy or lactation.
14. Any other condition deemed by the investigator to potentially compromise patient safety or study compliance. -
