Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged 18-75 years; 2. Documented symptomatic atrial fibrillation; 3. Ineffective or intolerant to at least one class I or III antiarrhythmic drug; 4. Able to fully understand the treatment protocol, voluntarily sign the informed consent form, and willing to undergo the required examinations, procedures, and follow-up. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients who have previously undergone left atrial surgery; 2. Left atrial thrombus; 3. Patients with pulmonary agenesis; 4. Female patients of reproductive age who cannot use effective contraception within 12 months after enrollment; 5. Left atrial anteroposterior diameter ≥ 55 mm; 6. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%; 7. Patients who have previously undergone interatrial septal repair or removal of atrial myxoma; 8. Patients with active implanted devices (e.g., pacemaker, ICD); 9. Patients with NYHA heart failure class III-IV; 10. Patients with a clear history of cerebrovascular disease (including cerebral hemorrhage, stroke, or TIA) within the past 6 months; 11. Patients who have experienced cardiovascular events (e.g., acute myocardial infarction, coronary intervention or bypass surgery, valve replacement or repair, atrial or ventricular surgery) within the past 3 months; 12. Patients with acute or severe systemic infections; 13. Patients with severe liver or kidney disease, malignancy, or end-stage disease that may affect the treatment, assessment, or compliance of the trial (as judged by the investigator); 14. Patients with significant bleeding tendency, hypercoagulable state, or severe hematologic disorders; 15. Patients who have participated or are currently participating in another clinical trial within the past 12 months prior to enrollment; 16. Patients who the investigator deems unsuitable for participation in this trial.