Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * patients with suspected or previously diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) who were scheduled for bone marrow aspiration or tissue biopsy within two weeks, including those undergoing initial diagnostic evaluation or follow-up/re-evaluation for disease monitoring or relapse; * patients with confirmed symptomatic MM; * ability to understand and voluntarily sign written informed consent; * ability to comply with study procedures; * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤2. Exclusion Criteria: * pregnancy or lactation; * inability to comprehend study procedures or cooperate with protocol requirements; * any other condition judged by the investigator to potentially interfere with study participation.