Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: (1) patients with suspected or previously diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) who were scheduled for bone marrow aspiration or tissue biopsy within two weeks, including those undergoing initial diagnostic evaluation or follow-up/re-evaluation for disease monitoring or relapse; (2) patients with confirmed symptomatic MM; (3) ability to understand and voluntarily sign written informed consent; (4) ability to comply with study procedures; and (5) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤2. Exclusion Criteria: pregnancy or lactation; inability to comprehend study procedures or cooperate with protocol requirements; or any other condition judged by the investigator to potentially interfere with study participation.