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The Effects of Strength Training Volume, Intensity, and Breathing Techniques on Intraocular Pressure and Retinal Blood Vessels
Sponsor: Lithuanian Sports University
Summary
This study aims to determine the effects of different breathing patterns on ocular vasculature and intraocular pressure (IOP) during isokinetic and isometric strength exercises. It is hypothesized that higher ocular microcirculation changes and IOP values will be observed during the Valsalva maneuver compared to normal breathing in both exercise types. Additionally, ocular microcirculation and IOP changes are expected to be more pronounced during isometric exercises than during isokinetic exercises. The results will help establish optimal strength training strategies for both professional athletes and physically active individuals.
Key Details
Gender
All
Age Range
18 Years - 40 Years
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Enrollment
60
Start Date
2026-01-01
Completion Date
2026-05-01
Last Updated
2026-01-08
Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Conditions
Interventions
Normal Breathing
Participants perform the isometric or isokinetic exercise while following a controlled breathing rhythm: Inhale for 3 seconds Exhale for 3 seconds Breathing remains steady and continuous throughout the 1-minute exercise. Rationale: Represents a natural and safe breathing pattern during physical exertion, serves as the physiological baseline condition.
Valsalva maneuver
Participants perform the same isometric or isokinetic exercise but finish the trial with a 10-second breath-hold at the end of the 1-minute exercise. This maneuver increases intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressures, which are transmitted to ocular and vascular systems. Rationale: Common in athletic performance, but may cause significant intraocular pressure and retinal vascular fluctuations.