Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18 to 65 years * Patients scheduled for elective umbilical hernia surgery * ASA physical status I or II * Patients who undergo surgery under either: Single-dose epidural anesthesia, or general anesthesia with postoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, as part of routine clinical practice * Ability to understand and use the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) * Provision of written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * ASA physical status III or higher * Known allergy or contraindication to local anesthetic agents * Coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy contraindicating regional anesthesia * Infection at the site of epidural or TAP block application * History of chronic pain, long-term opioid use, or chronic analgesic consumption * Neurological disorders affecting pain perception or assessment * Severe hepatic or renal disease * Pregnancy or lactation * Inability to cooperate with postoperative pain assessment or inability to use VAS * Emergency surgery