Inclusion Criteria:
* Age ≥ 18 years.
* Clinically or histologically/cytologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) per the Primary Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (2022 Edition). Archived tissue samples are permitted; if no prior histological diagnosis exists, fresh tumor biopsy must be performed at baseline.
* At least one measurable lesion (RECIST v1.1).
* Child-Pugh score ≤ 7.
* Patients who underwent R0 resection (postoperative pathology report required) and showed no residual intrahepatic lesions on MRI within 8 weeks after surgery.
* At least one high-risk recurrence factor:
* Tumor size ≥ 5 cm;
* Tumor number ≥ 3;
* Microvascular invasion (MVI) grade: M1 or M2;
* Portal vein tumor thrombus resection (Cheng's classification I or II).
* No prior systemic therapy for HCC.
* Normal major organ function, with laboratory results meeting the following
* criteria within 7 days before treatment:
* Hemoglobin \> 80 g/L;
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 10⁹/L;
* Platelet count ≥ 40 × 10⁹/L;
* Serum albumin ≥ 28 g/L;
* Total bilirubin ≤ 2 × upper limit of normal (ULN);
* AST/ALT ≤ 5 × ULN;
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≤ 2.5 × ULN;
* Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 × ULN and creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min.
* Coagulation function: International normalized ratio (INR) ≤ 1.5 × ULN or prothrombin time (PT) ≤ 16 s.
* Ability to swallow and absorb oral medication.
* Negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days before randomization for women of childbearing potential; agreement to use effective contraception during treatment and for 60 days after the last dose.
* Voluntary participation with signed informed consent and expected good compliance.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Prior systemic therapy for HCC, including chemotherapy, targeted agents (e.g., sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib), immune modulators (anti-PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4), or modern Chinese medicine with antitumor indications. Concurrent use of any investigational drug (except antiviral therapy) is excluded.
* Recurrent or metastatic HCC.
* Clinically significant ascites, pleural effusion, or pericardial effusion uncontrolled by medication at enrollment.
(Note: Imaging-detected ascites without clinical symptoms is permitted.)
* History of abdominal wall fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, refractory unhealed gastric ulcer, or active gastrointestinal bleeding within 6 months before enrollment.
* HCC lesion(s) ≥ 10 cm in any dimension (confirmed by BICR), \> 10 lesions, or HCC volume ≥ 50% of liver volume; macrovascular portal vein tumor thrombosis.
* Major cardiovascular impairment within 12 months before treatment:
* NYHA Class II+ heart failure;
* Unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or stroke;
* Arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability;
* QTc interval \> 480 ms.
* Any surgery within 28 days before the first dose.
* History or current diagnosis of coagulopathy, bleeding, or thrombotic disorders.
* Clinically significant liver disease, including active viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, decompensated cirrhosis, severe fatty liver, hereditary liver disease, liver atrophy, superior vena cava syndrome, or portal hypertension.
(Note: Portal hypertension without ascites, jaundice, or gastrointestinal bleeding may be considered.)
* Active autoimmune disease requiring systemic therapy within the past 2 years.
* Live vaccine administered within 30 days before the first dose.
* Hypersensitivity to any component of Epimedium Soft Capsules.
* Uncontrolled active HBV, HCV, or HDV infection; active tuberculosis.
* Pregnancy, lactation, or unwillingness to use contraception during the study.
* Any condition that may contraindicate the study drug, compromise data reliability, increase treatment risk, or affect compliance (e.g., metabolic disorders, abnormal lab results).
* Investigator judgement of unsuitability for the study.
