Inclusion Criteria:
1. Informed consent prior to any study-related procedures;
2. Male or female patients aged between 18 and 60 years (inclusive);
3. Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤ 35;
4. Up to 3 treatable osteochondral lesions localized in femoral condyles and/or trochlea (the patient might have other lesion in other parts of the joint, but they should not be more severe than ICRS Grade II lesions as determined by baseline MRI);
5. Knee osteochondral lesion(s) (Grade IVa and IVb according to ICRS Classification) or not re-fixable knee Osteochondritis Dissecans lesions as determined by baseline MRI;
6. Lesions with an overall treatable area 1-7 cm2 (as determined by baseline MRI). In case of multiple lesions (maximum 3 lesions) in the same knee compartment a minimum distance of 3 mm is required);
7. IKDC Subjective score at baseline (pre-op evaluation) is less than 70;
8. Non-responsive to physical therapy for at least 6 weeks;
9. Patients physically and mentally willing and able to comply with the post-operative rehabilitation protocol and scheduled clinical and radiographic visits.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. IKDC subjective score at Baseline is more than or equal to 70;
2. KOOS Pain Subscale score at baseline is less than 20 or more than 65 (scale: maximum pain = 0, pain free = 100);
3. Osteochondral tibial plateau and/or patella defects;
4. Patients affected by advanced osteoarthritis in the index knee (Kellgren and Lawrence classification 3 or 4);
5. Bony defect depth deeper than 5 mm, according to baseline MRI, measured from the original subchondral bone plate level;
6. Uncontained defects: lack of vital bone wall at least 2 mm thick, completely surrounding the lesion - based on MRI;
7. Patients with untreated patellofemoral malalignment or who have undergone realignment procedures within 6 months;
8. Patients with bone fracture or uncorrected malalignment more than 5 degrees varus or valgus according to standing X-ray.
9. Patients previously treated for total or partial meniscectomy in the specific index knee compartments (more than 50% of the meniscus in the index compartments is missing);
10. Patient requiring total or partial meniscectomy to be performed concomitantly, involving more than 50% of one or both menisci in the index knee compartment (lack of functional remaining meniscus, at least 5mm rim at the end of the procedure); and patient requiring ligamentoplasty and high tibial osteotomy (HTO) to be performed concomitantly;
11. Untreated knee ligament instability or treated within 6 months;
12. Kissing (counterposed) osteochondral lesions;
13. Significant instability of the index knee according to IKDC Knee Examination Form 2000: Grade C (abnormal) or D (severely abnormal).
14. Patients affected by any concomitant painful or disabling disease of the spine, hips, or lower limbs, including the contralateral knee, that would interfere with the evaluation of the index knee;
15. Patients affected by bilateral knee lesions that need treatment;
16. Intra-articular steroid injections within 3 months;
17. Any previous cartilage repair procedure (such as: microfracture, Osteochondral autograft transplantation system (OATS), Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis, (AMIC), Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) with or without use of a scaffold (matrix) in the index knee within one year or debridement within 6 months;
18. Patients affected by osteoporosis (established through x-ray tests, called DEXA scans, bone density, etc. Criteria for osteoporosis: T-score is \< - 2.5 SD), chondrodysplasia, or osteogenesis imperfecta;
19. Patients affected by known allergy to equine collagen or calcium-phosphates;
20. Patients who underwent chemotherapy in the past 12 months;
21. Patients with a known history of any significant systemic disease (such as but not limited to: HIV, hepatitis, HTLV, syphilis, coagulopathies, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus etc.) or affected by a significant malignancy;
22. Participation in other clinical trials within 90 days prior to the study or concurrent with the study;
23. Patient who is pregnant (or intends to become pregnant within one-year post-op) or breastfeeding;
24. Known drugs or alcohol abuse;
25. Any evidence of active infection anywhere in the body. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) patients can be included following antibiotic treatment, and provided that two consecutive cultures are negative (taken within at least 2 weeks of each other);
26. Any known history of intra-articular or osseous infection of the index knee;
27. Patients affected by a known history of inflammatory arthropathy or crystal-deposition arthropathy;
28. Prisoners;
29. The existence of any surgical or medical condition that, in the judgement of the Investigator, might compromise patient safety or the outcome of the study;
30. Any medical conditions or implants that would prevent the participant from undergoing an MRI, including but not limited to pacemakers, clips, cochlear implants, or metal shrapnel.
