Inclusion Criteria:
1. Patients voluntarily participate in this study, sign the informed consent form, demonstrate good compliance, and cooperate with follow-up.
2. Initial patients are those with resectable or potentially resectable (T1 N1-3 M0 or T2-3 N0-3 M0) thoracic segment esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (8th UICC-TNM staging); who have undergone surgical resection after 2 cycles of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy and achieved R0 resection.
3. Age 18 to 75 years.
4. Preoperative examinations of various organ functions indicate no surgical contraindications.
5. The following laboratory tests confirm that bone marrow, liver, and kidney functions meet the study requirements:
Hemoglobin ≥ 90 g/L; White blood cell count ≥ 4.0 × 10⁹/L; Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 10⁹/L; Platelet count ≥ 100 × 10⁹/L; Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN); ALT and AST ≤ 2.5 times ULN; International normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time ≤ 1.5 times ULN, and activated partial thromboplastin time within the normal range; Creatinine ≤ 1.5 times ULN.
6. No postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormone therapy for malignant tumors has been administered; no history of other malignancies, excluding prostate cancer patients who have received hormone therapy and achieved disease-free survival (DFS) for over 5 years.
7. Physical status ECOG score 0 to 1.
8. Women of childbearing potential must agree to use contraceptive measures (e.g., intrauterine device, contraceptive pills, or condoms) during the study and for 6 months after study completion; serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days before study enrollment must be negative, and patients must be non-lactating; men must agree to use contraceptive measures during the study and for 6 months after study completion.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Patients with double primary cancers;
2. Patients with infections requiring treatment;
3. Patients requiring continuous systemic corticosteroid therapy (Note: Replacement therapy (e.g., for thyroid insufficiency, insulin therapy, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency) is not considered systemic therapy and is permitted);
4. Patients with unstable angina within 3 months or myocardial infarction within 6 months;
5. Patients with psychiatric disorders;
6. Patients with existing or concurrent hemorrhagic disorders;
7. Female patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding;
8. Patients with bronchial asthma requiring intermittent use of bronchodilators or medical intervention;
9. Patients who have used immunosuppressive agents prior to enrollment due to comorbid conditions, with a dose equivalent to ≥10mg/day of oral prednisone sustained for more than 2 weeks;
10. Patients with abnormal coagulation function (PT \> 16s, APTT \> 53s, TT \> 21s, Fib \< 1.5g/L), bleeding tendency, or those receiving thrombolytic or anticoagulant therapy;
11. Patients with pre-existing or concurrent pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, pneumoconiosis, radiation pneumonitis, severe pulmonary impairment, etc.;
12. Patients with autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, or organ transplantation;
13. Patients with active Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C infection.
