Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged ≥18 years; 2. Scheduled to undergo elective robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia; 3. Expected tracheal extubation during daytime working hours (before 4:00 PM). Exclusion Criteria: 1. Refuse to participate in the study; 2. Morbid obesity (body mass index ≥35 kg/m²); 3. Preoperatively diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea, or patients with a STOP-Bang score ≥3 in combination with serum bicarbonate (HCO₃-) ≥28 mmol/L; 4. Patients at high risk of difficult airway (anticipated difficult intubation and/or extubation during preoperative assessment); 5. Preexisting sick sinus syndrome, severe sinus bradycardia (heart rate \< 50 beats/min), or second-degree or higher atrioventricular block without pacemaker implantation; congenital heart disease with any type of arrhythmia; or other severe cardiovascular diseases with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class ≥III; 6. Significant pulmonary function impairment (FEV₁/FVC ratio \< 70%, and total lung capacity \[TLC\] and vital capacity \[VC\] \< 80% of predicted values); 7. Severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C); severe renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m²); or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification ≥IV; 8. Preoperative diagnoses of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, or myasthenia gravis; 9. Inability to communicate due to coma, severe dementia, or language impairment; 10. Planned postoperative admission to the intensive care unit; 11. Any other conditions that are deemed for study participation.