Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Male or female participants aged 18 years or older; 2. Undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA)for unilateral knee osteoarthritis(OA)at ourhospital; 3. Preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)physical status classification of 1-3; 4. Ability to provide informed consent and sign a written informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Previous surgery on the operative knee or a history of infection in the operative knee; 2. Non-osteoarthritis conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic arthritis, septic arthritis, and hemophilic arthritis); 3. Severe osteoarthritis (including flexion contracture \>30° or varus/valgus deformity \>30°); 4. Allergy to the relevant study drugs; 5. Presence of neuromuscular dysfunction in the ipsilateral limb; 6. Dependence on anesthetic drugs (defined as weekly use of opioids exceeding 100 mg morphine equivalents or local anesthetics for preoperative pain control for more than 3 months); 7. Poor systemic condition, including but not limited to: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level \>12%; blood pressure \>170/110 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa); history of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, acute congestive heart failure, or any acute coronary event within 6 months; dialysis or renal transplantation; pregnancy or lactation.