Inclusion Criteria:
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This study specifically targets office workers diagnosed with mechanical (or non-specific) chronic low back pain, which refers to persistent low back pain without a specific identifiable pathological cause such as disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or inflammatory diseases. Mechanical low back pain is the most common form of chronic low back pain among sedentary populations, particularly office workers, and is primarily attributed to musculoskeletal imbalances, poor posture, and prolonged sitting.Participants were included in the study if they met the following criteria:
1. Age and Occupational Requirements: Office workers between the ages of 20 and 55 years with at least two years of continuous employment.
2. History of Chronic Low Back Pain: Presence of persistent or recurrent low back pain localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with a duration of more than three months.
3. Pain Intensity Assessment: A pain score exceeding 40 mm on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), indicating a moderate level of pain.
4. Clinical Diagnosis Confirmation: Participants must be diagnosed with mechanical (non-specific) chronic low back pain by orthopaedic sports medicine specialists from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. All participants will be required to submit their annual full-body medical examination report provided by the university between May 30 and July 30 each year. The Principal Investigator will collect these reports in advance and arrange for orthopaedic sports medicine specialists from the affiliated hospital to conduct an on-site screening at Xi'an Jiaotong University City College. During this process, specialists will review participants' medical history, evaluate physical symptoms, and consider available imaging reports (e.g., X-rays or MRI scans if previously conducted) to confirm the absence of specific spinal pathologies such as disc herniation or spinal stenosis. These specialists are experts in diagnosing and managing musculoskeletal conditions related to physical activity and sports, ensuring accurate assessment and classification of participants' chronic low back pain. Their involvement guarantees both clinical validity and safety in participant selection.
5. Cognitive and Physical Function: Normal cognitive function, adequate communication and interaction skills, and the physical ability to perform the basic movements of Baduanjin exercise. Participants must also have voluntarily provided written informed consent and agreed to comply with all study procedures throughout the research period.
6. Employment Status: Staff members currently employed at Xi'an Jiaotong University City College. This criterion ensures that the study population consists exclusively of sedentary office workers within the university setting, enhancing homogeneity and relevance to the target demographic.
Exclusion Criteria:
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Subjects are excluded from this study if they:
1. Those with other spinal pathologies such as lumbar fractures, lumbar disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, intravertebral occupancy, lumbar spinal stenosis, and severe osteoporosis. These conditions may interfere with the interpretation of outcomes related to chronic low back pain of non-specific origin, and could also affect the safety or effectiveness of the Baduanjin exercise intervention.
2. Persons with contraindications such as leukaemia, thrombocytopenia and other diseases with bleeding tendency, acute infectious diseases and oncological diseases. These systemic illnesses may affect participant safety or confound the results, and are therefore not included in the target population of office workers with chronic low back pain.
3. Suffering from diseases of liver and kidney function, serious cardiac disorders, and other diseases affecting the study. The presence of these comorbidities could influence the ability of participants to safely complete the Baduanjin exercise program, and thus they are excluded to ensure homogeneity among the target group of individuals with chronic low back pain.
4. Women who are pregnant. Pregnancy-related changes in posture and musculoskeletal loading can affect low back pain symptoms and response to exercise, which may confound the study findings.
5. Subjects who do not agree to sign the informed consent form. All participants will be required to submit their annual full-body medical examination report provided by the university between May 30 and July 30 each year. The Principal Investigator will collect these reports in advance and arrange for orthopaedic sports medicine specialists from the affiliated hospital to conduct an on-site screening at Xi'an Jiaotong University City College. During this process, the specialists will review all relevant medical findings, including imaging results, laboratory tests, and physician notes, to identify any conditions that meet the exclusion criteria. Participants found to have spinal pathologies, systemic illnesses, or other comorbidities that may affect safety, intervention effectiveness, or study outcomes will be excluded from the study. These exclusion criteria are designed to ensure that the final sample consists exclusively of individuals with mechanical (non-specific) low back pain, thereby enhancing the homogeneity of the study population and minimizing confounding factors in evaluating the effects of Baduanjin exercise.
