Inclusion Criteria:
1. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 or 1, with no deterioration within 2 weeks prior to enrollment.
2. Age ≥ 18 years and ≤ 75 years
3. Patients with pathologically and/or radiologically confirmed recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx), who have previously failed treatment with PD-1 (L1) inhibitors and platinum-based drugs. The two types of drugs could be administered as a first-line combination regimen or sequential therapy, with the number of prior treatment lines not exceeding two. If disease progression occurs during neoadjuvant therapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy or adjuvant therapy, or within 6 months after the discontinuation of such treatment, the medications used during neoadjuvant therapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy or adjuvant therapy (including platinum-based drugs, anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies, PD-1 (L1) inhibitors, etc.) shall be regarded as first-line treatment. Discontinuation or dose reduction of one drug during treatment, or replacement of platinum-based drugs, fluorouracil-based drugs or PD-1 (L1) inhibitors without disease progression shall be counted as the same line of treatment.
4. At least one radiologically measurable lesion according to RECIST v1.1
5. Assessed by the investigator as not amenable to local therapy (e.g., surgery ± radiotherapy)
6. PD-L1 Combined Positive Score (CPS) ≥ 1
7. Adequate organ function
8. For women of childbearing potential, the result of serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the first administration of the study drug shall be negative. If the urine pregnancy test result is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test shall be required for confirmation.
9. The patient voluntarily participates in the study, signs the informed consent form, and is able to comply with the study schedule for follow-up visits, treatment plans, laboratory tests, and other research procedures.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. A history of malignant tumor is known.
2. Residual toxic reactions caused by prior anti-tumor therapy (including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc.) (excluding alopecia, fatigue and grade 2 hypothyroidism), or clinically significant laboratory test abnormalities \> grade 1 (CTCAE v5.0)
3. Known to have active central nervous system metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis. Patients with treated brain metastases may participate in the study, provided that their disease is stable.
4. A history of severe hypersensitivity reactions to taxanes or other monoclonal antibodies.
5. Has any contraindication to the study drugs of this project (docetaxel, nimotuzumab, and camrelizumab)
6. Uncontrolled pleural, peritoneal, pelvic or pericardial effusion requiring drainage at least once a month.
7. Uncontrolled or poorly controlled heart diseases, including a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) ≥ Grade 2 (per CTCAE v5.0 or NYHA classification), myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, ventricular tachycardia or torsades de pointes within 6 months prior to enrollment, or cardiac arrhythmias requiring treatment, such as complete left bundle branch block or third-degree atrioventricular block.
8. Pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis occurring within 3 months prior to the first administration of the study drug (excluding catheter-related thrombosis from implanted ports or PICC lines)
9. A history of or current interstitial pneumonia, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with respiratory failure, severe pulmonary insufficiency, symptomatic bronchospasm, etc.
10. Any severe or uncontrolled systemic diseases, including uncontrolled or poorly controlled hypertension (e.g., systolic blood pressure \> 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure \> 100 mmHg), diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) \> 8%), etc.
11. Patients with active bleeding, a history of coagulation disorders, or those receiving coumarin anticoagulant therapy.
12. Known to have active hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
13. Complicated with severe, uncontrolled infections, or known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (positive for HIV antibodies), or diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); or with uncontrolled autoimmune diseases; or with a history of allogeneic tissue/organ transplantation, stem cell or bone marrow transplantation, or previous solid organ transplantation.
14. Active bacterial, viral, fungal, rickettsial, or parasitic infections receiving systemic anti-infective therapy (unless treated and resolved prior to the administration of the study drug)
15. Live virus vaccines administered within 30 days prior to the first dose of the study drug. The use of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines or approved COVID-19 vaccines is permitted, provided that the interval between vaccination and the first dose of the study drug is more than 1 week.
16. Receiving immunology-based therapy for any reason
17. Pregnant or lactating female patients.
18. Any other diseases, clinically significant laboratory parameter abnormalities, severe medical or psychiatric illnesses/conditions, or substance abuse including alcoholism that, in the investigator's judgment, may compromise patient safety, study integrity, affect patient participation in the study, or interfere with the study objectives and outcome analysis.
