Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Individuals aged 60 to 80 years. Either gender (male or female). Patients who are ASA physical status I-III. Individuals scheduled to undergo elective lower limb orthopaedic surgeries (e.g., fracture fixation, total knee replacement, open reduction and internal fixation). Patients planned to receive spinal anaesthesia as the primary anaesthetic technique. Those who provide informed written consent for participation in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Individuals exhibiting a stature inferior to 150 cm. Patients receiving anti-hypertensive drugs or those on beta blockers or beta-agonists. Patients with a history of neurological disease like CVA or Parkinsonism. Patients presenting with sepsis (≥ 2 positive SIRS criteria with positive aseptically obtained blood or wound culture). Patients with a history of coagulation disorders like haemophilia or vWD or those with a history of anti-platelet drug intake in the last 2 weeks. Individuals possessing a documented history of hypersensitivity reactions to pharmacological agents utilized in the research. Patients who will be diagnosed with a skin infection at the spinal needle puncture site. Patients undergoing emergency orthopaedic procedures requiring immediate intervention