Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * age ≥18 years; * left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \<50%; * Presence of functional mitral regurgitation (mild, moderate, or severe) on transthoracic echocardiography; and * stable sinus rhythm or controlled atrial fibrillation. Exclusion Criteria: * primary (degenerative or rheumatic) mitral valve disease, * prior mitral valve surgery or transcatheter intervention, * acute decompensated heart failure within four weeks, * significant primary valvular disease other than FMR, * severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate \<30 mL/min/1.73 m²), * inadequate echocardiographic image quality.