Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients scheduled for an elective cesarean section. * Patients and their partners must be literate in Turkish (able to read and write) to accurately complete the study questionnaires * Patients and their partners must be willing and able to provide written informed consent * Healthy pregnant women with no additional chronic or systemic diseases (comorbidities) * The operating surgeon must have at least 5 years of professional experience and no chronic health conditions. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients undergoing emergency cesarean sections. * Patients with any known chronic or systemic additional diseases * Surgeons with any known chronic or systemic diseases. * Individuals unable to read or understand the Turkish questionnaires (implied by the literacy requirement). * Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of 3 or more * Patients with history of chronic pain, chronic use of analgesic drugs, or history of opioid or intravenous drug abuse * Patients who have refused spinal anesthesia, or those in whom it is contraindicated. * Pregnancy with preeclampsia or eclampsia * Pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus or diabetes mellitus