Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients aged 18 years or older at time of surgery * Underwent thyroidectomy at Minia University Hospital * Availability of medical records with complete surgical and postoperative data * Documented serum calcium levels measured postoperatively * Minimum follow-up of 6 months postoperatively or documented outcome status Exclusion Criteria: * Age less than 18 years at time of surgery * Preoperative hypocalcemia (serum calcium \<8.0 mg/dL or ionized calcium \<1.0 mmol/L) * Pre-existing parathyroid disorders (primary hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism) * Chronic kidney disease Stage 3 or higher (estimated glomerular filtration rate \<60 mL/min/1.73m²) * Malabsorption syndromes affecting calcium metabolism (celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease,short bowel syndrome) * Concurrent planned parathyroidectomy * History of neck irradiation * Chronic use of medications significantly affecting calcium metabolism (bisphosphonates, denosumab,cinacalcet, chronic corticosteroids) * Incomplete medical records lacking essential data including surgical details, postoperative calcium levels,or follow-up data * Patients lost to follow-up before 6-month endpoint without documented outcome status