Clinical Research Directory

Patients in this cohort underwent neurosurgical resection as the primary local treatment for brain metastases. Surgical approaches include: * En-bloc resection (EBR): gross-total removal of the tumor as a single, intact specimen with no residual disease on postoperative MRI; * Total piecemeal resection (TPR): gross-total removal of the tumor in multiple fragments with no residual disease on postoperative MRI * Subtotal (SPR) or partial (PPR) piecemeal resection: incomplete removal of the tumor, with macroscopic residual disease on postoperative MRI. This includes: * Subtotal resection: 75-90% of tumor volume removed * Partial resection: 30-75% of tumor volume removed * Extent of resection unknown: surgical resection performed, but the precise extent could not be determined from available records

Patients in this cohort received radiotherapy as the primary local treatment modality for brain metastases. Treatment modalities include: * Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS): single-fraction, high-precision radiation with a prescribed dose \> 12 Gy; * Staged stereotactic radiosurgery (stSRS): radiosurgery delivered in 2-3 stages, typically 2-4 weeks apart, allowing for tumor volume reduction between stages; * Stereotactic radiotherapy (hypofractionated) (SRT): stereotactic radiation delivered in multiple fractions, including: * 3 fractions (single dose 7-9 Gy, total dose 21-27 Gy); * 5 fractions (single dose 6-7 Gy, total dose 30-35 Gy); * 7 fractions (single dose 5 Gy, total dose 35 Gy). * Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT): conventional fractionated radiation to the entire brain.

Patients in this cohort received a combination of local treatment approaches. This includes: * NRS with postoperative WBRT; * NRS with postoperative SRT/SRS; * Preoperative SRS followed by NRS; * Combination radiotherapy (SRS and WBRT, SRT and WBRT, SRS and SRT)

Patients in this cohort did not receive any local treatment for their brain metastases. This may include patients receiving best supportive care (BSC) (typically includes the administration of corticosteroids for symptomatic control of peritumoral edema and neurological symptoms) or systemic therapy alone. Reasons for not receiving local treatment may include poor performance status, extensive intracranial disease, or patient preference.