Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: \- Adult participants aged 18 years and above. * Non-diabetic individuals, defined as: * Fasting plasma glucose \< 126 mg/dL and/or * HbA1c \< 6.5%, with no prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. * Individuals diagnosed with anemia based on WHO criteria: * Hemoglobin \< 13 g/dL in males * Hemoglobin \< 12 g/dL in female * Patients with hemolytic anemia including thalassemia ( thalassemia trait and intermediate ) , sickle cell ( trait and disease ). * Patients with confirmed specific types of anemia, based on laboratory evaluation: * Iron deficiency anemia * Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia * Folate deficiency anemia * Anemia of chronic diseases Exclusion Criteria: * Known cases of diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. * Recent blood transfusion within the last 3 months. * Use of medications known to affect HbA1c levels * Acute illness or infection at the time of enrollment. * Pregnant women * Hematological malignancies