Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 20 years or older. * Obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI) 27 kg/m2 or greater. * Type 2 diabetes mellitus, defined using electronic health record data, including diagnosis codes and/or hemoglobin A1c 6.5% or greater. * Met cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) stage 2-3 criteria at baseline. * Initiated a GLP-1 receptor agonist or an SGLT2 inhibitor as background therapy. * Had treatment strategy classification based on early add-on initiation within 90 days after background therapy initiation, or no early add-on with index at the 90-day landmark. Exclusion Criteria: * Prior use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, or sulfonylureas within 6 months before cohort entry. * Major cardiovascular disease or revascularization within 12 months before cohort entry. * Advanced kidney disease within 12 months before cohort entry, including end-stage kidney disease, dialysis, or estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2. * Major cardiovascular or renal events within 6 months before index. * Any history of non-type 2 diabetes, HIV infection, bariatric surgery, or solid-organ transplantation. * Missing critical baseline covariates.