Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\. Patients (inpatients or outpatients) clinically diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI). 2\. Presence of significant bacteriuria in urine culture (≥10⁵ colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) for midstream urine, or as clinically indicated). 3\. Isolation of Escherichia coli as the sole or predominant pathogen from urine culture. 4\. Patients of any age and both sexes. 5. Patients who have not received antibiotic therapy within the previous 48-72 hours. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. Patients who received systemic antibiotic therapy within the previous 48-72 hours prior to urine sample collection. 2\. Urine cultures showing insignificant bacteriuria (\<10⁵ CFU/mL for midstream urine, unless clinically justified). 3\. Polymicrobial growth in urine culture (mixed bacterial growth suggestive of contamination). 4\. Isolation of organisms other than Escherichia coli. 5. Improperly collected, leaking, or contaminated urine samples. 6. Patients unwilling to provide informed consent.