Inclusion Criteria:
Patients must meet all of the following inclusion criteria in order to be eligible for participation in this study:
1. The patient voluntarily participates in this study and signs an informed consent form.
2. Age: 18 to 85 years old, both male and female are eligible.
3. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) confirmed through histopathological examination of tumor tissue or imaging assessments \[refer to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2024 Edition)\].
4. There are extrahepatic pulmonary metastases that have not been treated locally, and the number of these metastases is ≤5.
5. Has not received any form of systematic treatment for HCC.
6. There must be at least one measurable lesion (according to the RECIST v1.1 criteria, this measurable lesion must have a longitudinal diameter ≥ 10 mm on spiral CT scans or a short diameter ≥ 15 mm for enlarged lymph nodes; lesions that have previously received local treatment and have clearly progressed according to the RECIST v1.1 standards can be considered target lesions).
7. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of less than or equal to 3.
8. The Child Pugh liver function classification is Grade A or B (≤7).
9. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) behavioral status is 0 or 1 for patients in the eastern United States.
10. Good lung function, expected to be able to tolerate surgery or localized treatment.
11. Other major organ functions are generally normal (the blood system, kidneys, etc., function well).
Muscular marrow function is adequate: white blood cell count ≥ 4.0 × 10\^9/L, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 2.0 × 10\^9 / L, platelet count ≥ 100 × 10 \^ 9 / L, hemoglobin concentration ≥ 90 g/L (no blood transfusions, no use of hematopoietic factors, and no medication correction within 2 weeks prior to the first administration).
For patients not receiving anticoagulant therapy, the INR (International Normalized Ratio) and APTI (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) values are ≤ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
Sufficient renal function: creatinine clearance ≥ 60 mL/min.
12. Patients with active hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection must receive anti-HBV treatment prior to the initiation of the study treatment and must be willing to undergo antiviral therapy throughout the study period. Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-positive status must receive antiviral treatment according to local standard treatment guidelines and have liver function levels within the range of CTCAE Grade 1 elevation.
13. Women of childbearing age should have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to enrollment in the study, and must be non-lactating patients who have given their consent to use contraceptive measures during the study period and for 6 months after its completion. Men must agree to use contraceptive measures both during the study period and within 6 months after its conclusion.
14. The participant voluntarily consents to receive treatment related to this clinical study and agrees to participate in follow-up assessments.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients who meet any of the following criteria will not be eligible to participate in this study:
1. Known cases of cholangiocarcinoma, sarcomatoid HCC, mixed cell carcinoma, and fibrolamellar cell carcinoma; having had an active malignant tumor other than HCC within 5 years or concurrently. Limited-stage tumors that have been cured, such as basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, superficial bladder cancer, prostate intraepithelial carcinoma, cervical intraepithelial carcinoma, and breast intraepithelial carcinoma, can be included.
2. Has previously received anti-cancer treatments targeting metastatic lesions.
3. The site of extrahepatic metastasis is not the lungs, or there are more than 2 distant metastasized organs (including 2).
4. Suffering from any severe infection, serious mental or physical illness, or laboratory test abnormalities that are uncontrollable, which may pose an unacceptable risk, negatively impact trial compliance, or affect the administration, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the investigational drug. Examples include unstable heart disease, chronic kidney disease, poorly controlled diabetes, mood disorders, mental disorders, central nervous system abnormalities, chronic diarrhea, ascites, and pleural effusions requiring treatment.
5. Suffers from hypertension and cannot achieve adequate control with antihypertensive medication (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). It is permissible to use antihypertensive treatment to achieve these parameters. Has previously experienced a hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy.
6. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (or active viral hepatitis).
7. Received experimental treatments from other clinical studies concurrently during the course of this trial.
8. Long-term use of immunosuppressive agents following organ transplantation.
9. According to the researchers' assessment, the subject may have other factors that could lead to the forced discontinuation of this study. These include non-compliance with the protocol, the presence of other serious conditions (including mental illnesses) requiring concurrent treatment, significant laboratory abnormalities, a history of substance abuse or drug use, combined with psychological, social, familial, or geographic factors, which could impact the subject's safety or the collection of data and samples.
