Clinical Research Directory

1. Inclusion Criteria: 1) Age ≥ 18 years; 2) Patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis, defined as a clinical Mayo score \>6 with an endoscopic score of 2-3 3) Patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease, defined as a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) \>220 with a Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD) ≥7 4) Patients receiving adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, or vedolizumab; 5) Patients who had been on the current biologic therapy for between 6 weeks and 12 months; and 6) Biologic-naïve patients (no prior biologic therapy). Patients who did not continue their treatment for 12 months due to primary or secondary treatment failure will be considered not to have achieved endoscopic remission. Additionally, patients who were hospitalized, received corticosteroids, or underwent surgery due to medication failure before 12 months of therapy will be considered treatment failures. 2. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with prior biologic therapy (biologic-experienced); 2. Patients with incomplete outcome or therapy data; 3. Patients receiving other concomitant biologic or small-molecule therapies for other conditions, such as rheumatological diseases; 4. Pregnant patients; 5. Patients with intermittent suspension of therapy during the 12-month period.