Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. In good general health with no evidence of significant medical problems. 2. Fluent in both written and spoken English. 4\. Has provided written informed consent and is willing to comply with study procedures. Exclusion Criteria: 1. BMI above 30. 2. History of heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease. 3. Diagnosis of asthma, sleep apnea, or use of CPAP. 4. Diabetes mellitus. 5. Clotting disorders. 6. Hemoglobinopathy or history of anemia (ctHb \<12 g/dL for men, \<11 g/dL for women, COHb \>2%). 7. Any serious systemic illness. 8. Current smoker. 9. Injury or abnormality at sensor sites interfering with measurements. 10. History of fainting or vasovagal response. 11. Sensitivity to local anesthesia. 12. Diagnosis of Raynaud's disease. 13. Unacceptable collateral circulation (Allen's test). 14. Pregnant, lactating, or attempting to become pregnant. 15. Unable or unwilling to provide informed consent or comply with study procedures. 16. Any other condition deemed unsuitable by the investigator.