Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and maintained on regular hemodialysis for at least 3 months. * Patients aged more than 18 years old. * Patients receiving hemodialysis three sessions per week, each lasting 3-4 hours. * Patients who can communicate effectively and are able to complete the required questionnaires. * Patients able to provide informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients suffering from major visual or hearing impairments. * Patients with a known psychiatric disorder diagnosed prior to initiation of hemodialysis. * Patients receiving psychiatric medications or active psychotherapy. * Patients with severe cerebrovascular diseases. * Patients with chronic liver diseases, lung diseases or malignancies that can add additional psychological burden.