Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * he absence of any current or prior musculoskeletal injury or pain affecting the trunk, pelvis, or lower extremities within the preceding six months. * absence of neurological, cardiovascular, or systemic conditions that could influence muscle strength or motor performance. * a normal BMI relative to their age and sex and were recreationally active without engaging in any structured strength training program targeting the trunk or hip muscles during the three months preceding the study. * all participants were able to comprehend the study procedures and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * any history of musculoskeletal injury, surgery, or chronic pain involving the spine, pelvis, hip, knee, or ankle. Individuals with diagnosed neurological disorders, balance impairments, or vestibular conditions were also ineligible. * cardiovascular, respiratory, or systemic diseases that could affect physical performance or muscle strength were excluded * a prior history of lower limb or trunk fractures. Individuals engaged in competitive sports or structured resistance training programs targeting the trunk and lower limb muscles within the preceding three months were not included. * musculoskeletal deformities, leg length discrepancies, or any other condition that could interfere with the testing procedures