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The Effect of Cross Training on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Frozen Shoulder Rehabilitation
Sponsor: Inonu University
Summary
This randomized controlled, single-blind, quasi-experimental study primarily aims to investigate the effects of unilateral resistance exercise applied without directly loading the affected shoulder on muscle strength and upper extremity function in individuals with frozen shoulder. Additionally, the study seeks to examine the effects on joint range of motion, quality of life, and activities of daily living. The study will be conducted among individuals diagnosed with frozen shoulder at the Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic of Malatya Battalgazi State Hospital. The data collection process is planned to be completed between February 2026 and December 2026. Participants will be selected from the relevant population using a non-probability convenience sampling method. Individuals meeting the inclusion criteria will be enrolled after providing written informed consent. The study will be carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the control or intervention group. The study will include individuals aged 18-65 years with a diagnosis of unilateral primary or secondary frozen shoulder, presenting with more than 50% restriction in at least one of the following shoulder movements compared to the unaffected side: external rotation, abduction, or flexion, and with more than 30% limitation in joint range of motion in at least two movement planes. Individuals with concomitant shoulder trauma (e.g., rotator cuff injury), bilateral shoulder involvement, acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis, prior treatment for frozen shoulder, psychiatric disorders that may affect compliance with medical or physical therapy interventions, concomitant neurological conditions, or a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score below 24 will be excluded from the study.
Key Details
Gender
All
Age Range
18 Years - 65 Years
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
38
Start Date
2026-03-15
Completion Date
2026-12-25
Last Updated
2026-04-03
Healthy Volunteers
No
Conditions
Interventions
Standard Physical Therapy Group
The program will be applied to both groups twice weekly for eight weeks, with the experimental group additionally receiving cross-education. The control group will undergo a 40-minute standard physical therapy protocol per session, progressively structured to reduce pain and improve shoulder range of motion. During weeks 0-3, passive and active-assisted range of motion exercises, scapular mobilization, stretching, and joint mobilizations with distraction will be performed within pain limits. Between weeks 3-5, active-assisted and active exercises, stretching, joint mobilizations, and scapulothoracic strengthening will continue. During weeks 6-8, active range of motion and strengthening exercises targeting the rotator cuff and scapulothoracic muscles will be implemented within pain limits.
Cross-Education Group
In the experimental group, each session will last 40 minutes, comprising 20 minutes of standard physical therapy and 20 minutes of cross-education. The standard physical therapy content will be identical to that of the control group. The cross-education program will aim to increase the internal rotation, external rotation, flexion, and abduction strength of the unaffected shoulder during immobilization. Resistance exercises will be performed at 70-80% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) of the unaffected extremity, with loads progressively adjusted according to individual tolerance. Strengthening exercises targeting the internal rotators, external rotators, flexors, and abductors will be performed using dumbbells and therabands. Each contraction will last 3 seconds, with repetitions performed at 10-second intervals.