Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * This study will include all patients with lower GI symptoms who underwent colonoscopy. Lower GI symptoms were defined as the presence of one or more of the following: chronic diarrhea (defined as symptoms persisting for ≥4 weeks), hematochezia, passage of mucus per rectum, tenesmus, lower abdominal pain, or change in bowel habits, including constipation, diarrhea, or alternating bowel patterns Exclusion Criteria: 1. The patients who turned out to have malignant findings on endoscopy. 2. Patients with incomplete colonoscopy (e.g., failure to reach cecum). 3. Patients with poor bowel preparation affecting visualization. 4. Patients with established IBD diagnosis on follow-up, or recently diagnosed as colorectal cancer. 5. Patients with recent antibiotics use (within 4 weeks). 6. Patients unfit for colonoscopy or with a contraindication to biopsy. 7. Patients with previous colorectal surgery (e.g., colonic resection).