Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Aged 18 years or above who were scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Exclusion Criteria: Patients undergoing congenital heart disease repair surgery or surgeries necessitating deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were excluded. Patients with a history of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, or neurosurgery were also excluded. Patients with a preoperative Mini - Mental State Examination (MMSE) score less than 24 , or those unable to communicate due to coma, severe dementia, or language barriers were excluded.