Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age: 18-80 years; 2. Sex: Both male and female; 3. Patients diagnosed with gallstones by imaging (transabdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, or MRCP), either single or multiple stones, with a maximum stone diameter ≥1 cm, gallbladder length ≥3 cm, gallbladder wall thickness \<5 mm, and with cystic duct stones or common bile duct stones excluded; 4. History of right upper abdominal pain or discomfort; 5. Gallbladder function assessment by abdominal ultrasound indicating a gallbladder ejection fraction ≥30%; 6. Willingness to preserve the gallbladder; 7. Provision of written informed consent, with understanding of the study objectives and potential risks (e.g., bile leakage, bleeding, recurrence). Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with uncontrolled high fever or sepsis within 72 hours of acute cholecystitis onset (eligible for enrollment after inflammation is controlled); 2. Gallbladder perforation, gangrenous cholecystitis, or abscess formation; 3. Suspected or confirmed malignant gallbladder lesions; 4. Expected survival \<6 months (e.g., advanced malignancy); 5. Anatomical limitations preventing the establishment of a stable puncture tract, such as severe gastric or duodenal stenosis/deformity, severe adhesions of the gallbladder wall, obstruction by major vessels (e.g., branches of the hepatic artery or portal vein), massive ascites, or a gallbladder completely filled with stones; 6. Prior gallbladder drainage or biliary surgery (which may interfere with outcome assessment); 7. Pregnancy, coagulation disorders (PLT \<50×10⁹/L, INR \>1.5 without correction), or cardiopulmonary dysfunction rendering the patient unable to tolerate the procedure; 8. Refusal to sign informed consent.