Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged 18-65 years with ASA physical status I-III 2. Participants were divided into a normal control group (18.5 \< BMI \< 23.9 kg/m²) and an experimental group (BMI \> 24 kg/m²) 3. Voluntary participation with written informed consent approved by the Ethics Committee 4. No cognitive or verbal communication impairments, with the ability to fully cooperate with the study procedures Exclusion Criteria: * 1: Severe organ dysfunction, including severe hepatic or renal insufficiency, unstable coronary syndrome, uncontrolled hypertension, and other severe cardiovascular diseases 2: History of chronic pain or long-term use of opioids/sedatives; preoperative use of potent CYP3A inhibitors or inducers 3: Contraindications to body composition measurement via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), including abdominal wall stoma, massive ascites, limb amputation/absence, and presence of cardiac pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) 4: Women who were pregnant or breastfeeding were excluded from the study 5: Known hypersensitivity or allergy to study medications 6: Any other condition deemed by the investigator to make the patient unsuitable for participation, including but not limited to severe psychiatric disorders or legal restrictions