Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria for individuals after stroke are: * Hemiparetic chronic stroke survivors more than 6 months after stroke onset * Adults aged 21-80 years, including both female and male participants * Individuals with a single unilateral ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke * Individuals with Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment score between 10 and 59 out of 66 * Individuals who have not received botulinum toxin injections in the upper extremity within the past 3 months * Individuals without severe spasticity, defined as Modified Ashworth Scale score ≤3 at the elbow and shoulder Exclusion criteria for individuals after stroke are: * Individuals younger than 21 years of age or older than 80 years of age * Individuals with an orthopedic disorder involving the upper limbs * Individuals unable to produce voluntary upper-extremity muscle EMG activity; * Individuals with cognitive impairment sufficient to interfere with informed consent or successful completion of the protocol, assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment or other IRB-approved screening procedures. * Individuals whose stroke-affected arm has an intermuscular coordination pattern similarity score \>0.80 relative to the non-affected arm Inclusion criteria for healthy individuals are: * Healthy adults aged 21-80 years, including both female and male participants * Individuals with no known neurological or orthopedic injuries Exclusion criteria for healthy individuals are: * Individuals younger than 21 years of age or older than 80 years of age * Individuals with known neurological disorders * Individuals with orthopedic injuries or conditions affecting upper-extremity movement * Individuals unable to provide informed consent