Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria for specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression: * Diagnosis of specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria * Age between 6 and 12 years * Clinically normal intellectual functioning * Voluntary agreement to participate in the study * Absence of any systemic disease * Right-hand dominance Inclusion Criteria for control: * Age between 6 and 12 years * Clinically normal intellectual functioning * Willingness to participate in the study on a voluntary basis * Absence of any systemic disease * Right-hand dominance Exclusion Criteria for specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression: * Presence of verbal or visual communication problems * History of perinatal complications or physical head trauma * Presence of psychiatric disorders other than specific learning disorder according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria * History of known chronic physical or neurological disease (such as cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, autoimmune disease, liver failure, or kidney failure) * Presence of substance or alcohol use disorder * Diagnosis of a genetic disorder * Previous surgery involving the hand region * Presence of infection and/or sensory deficit in the hand region Exclusion Criteria for control: * Presence of any psychiatric disorder according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria * Presence of verbal or visual communication problems * History of perinatal complications or physical head trauma * History of known chronic physical or neurological disease (such as cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, autoimmune disease, liver failure, or kidney failure) * Presence of substance or alcohol use disorder * Diagnosis of a genetic disorder * Previous surgery involving the hand region * Presence of infection and/or sensory deficit in the hand region